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inside:
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Bill Maurer, Director
Jenny Fan, Institute Manager
John Seaman, Administrative Analyst
Ursula Dalinghaus, Assistant Researcher
Stephen C. Rea, Assistant Researcher
Farah Qureshi, Graduate Research Assistant
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Director's Message
Mind your Ps and 2s
It’s hard to believe that it has been a decade since
IMTFI was founded. Back in the early days, the jury was out on
whether M-Pesa's apparent take-off in Kenya would be sustained;
whether other, prior mobile phone-based money transfer services
would endure in places like the Philippines and South Africa; and
what technological models, interfaces, and protocols would
ultimately win the day. We didn't even know what to call the phenomenon that we were witnessing: for a while, everyone attached the initial "m-" to everything, signifying "mobile," like folks had done during the dot-com boom with the prefix e-. So we talked about m-banking and m-savings alongside e-commerce. It's hard to remember what a revelation it was to make a key terminological change - and then to make a corresponding pivot away from the simple initial focus on loan repayment and banking services. The terminological change was to adopt the phrase "mobile money" to refer to all of the emerging mobile-based services that could perform any of the functions of banking, payment, credit, or commerce (largely inspired by the GSMA). The pivot was to realize that what we were witnessing was the creation of a set of new digital payment infrastructures, as Jake Kendall, Philip Machoka, Clara Veniard, and I argued in Innovations. Spotlighting payment and platforms rather than a specific service or functionality opened the door to thinking more broadly about the importance of infrastructures in general - technological as well as social - and their role in supporting the public good and in creating new profit opportunities for large-scale corporations and micro-scale entrepreneurs alike.
In their survey of the mobile money space since IMTFI's founding, Drs. Stephen C. Rea and Taylor C. Nelms lean on IMTFI's international network of grounded research to outline 10 key lessons that have emerged since those early days. I want to spotlight one of those lessons, an overarching theme - Rea and Nelms suggest - for understanding mobile money: "Mind your Ps and 2s." Rea and Nelms argue that in the excitement around peer-to-peer money transfer, industry professionals and the donor community were too quick to focus on the pain points and frictions and ironically enough neglected the real import of each of the initials in the acronym for that core initial mobile money use case: P2P. It matters who those peers are on either side of a transaction. The word peer flattens inequalities, equates social and economic positions, and individualizes the "peer" who very likely is operating in a network of social relationships and obligations. And it also matters what "2s" are intermediating that transaction. The infrastructures, technological as well as social, are not just lines of connection, but rather complicated, often messy, and kludgey networks (just like payment infrastructures in the global North, by the way). Rea and Nelms write: "The complexities involved in introducing and scaling mobile money … resist distillation and are not going away." IMTFI research helps them underscore what they call the "variables that make a difference" in different contexts - variables of history, culture, and politics, among others.
I've been thinking about minding my own Ps and 2s in approaching this issue of our newsletter, because 10 years invites reflection on what we have accomplished - what our own Ps and 2s have nurtured and fomented. Read more...
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![](https://www.imtfi.uci.edu/files/newsletters/images2017/1_fw_2017.jpg)
Mobile Money: The First Decade Working Paper
By Stephen C. Rea and Taylor C. Nelms. The working paper surveys lessons from the first decade of mobile money research focusing on the studies produced by IMTFI Fellows. Rea and Nelms describe MM's primary use case of P2P transfer and then outline 10 insights gleaned from the research archive. |
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MONEY AT THE MARGINS: Global Perspectives on Technology, Financial Inclusion and Design
Edited by Bill Maurer, Smoki Musaraj, and Ivan Small. IMTFI is pleased to announce this forthcoming publication with Berghahn Books bringing together research by IMTFI fellows and postdoctoral scholars with commentary from leading experts. The book is Volume 6 in the Human Economy Series, edited by Keith Hart and John Sharp. |
![](https://www.imtfi.uci.edu/files/newsletters/images2017/3_fw_2017.png)
Loy Loy at the AAAs in the
Geek Anthropologist
Loy Loy is an innovative role-playing board game that teaches financial literacy in an immersive group environment. It is designed to give players the experience of one type of rotating savings and credit association (ROSCA) that exists in Cambodia. |
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Keeping Cash: Assessing the Arguments about Cash and Crime
Ursula Dalinghaus
Cash is not a Crime - ICA white paper finds efforts to curtail cash use hurts poor and does little to stop terrorism financing. Author interview
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![](https://www.imtfi.uci.edu/files/newsletters/images2017/5_fw_2017.jpg)
Intermediaries, Cash Economies, and Technological Change in Myanmar and India (Part Three) - An Illustrated Report
Elisa Oreglia and Janaki Srinivasan
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![](https://www.imtfi.uci.edu/files/newsletters/images2017/6_fw_2017.jpg)
Designing Financial Literacy
in Haiti
Erin B. Taylor and Heather A. Horst
In Design Anthropology: Object Cultures in Transition, Bloomsbury Publishing, edited by Alison Clarke
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"Money in a Mobile Age: Emerging Trends in Consumers' Financial Practices" Erin B. Taylor. Working paper with the Reserve Bank of San Francisco. August 2017. Working Paper 2017-03.
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"Exploring Knowledge Gaps and Financial Exclusion in Ghanaian Monetary Transitions"
Dzokoto, V., Aggrey, J., Houngebeke, H. & Mensah, E., Journal of Information and Knowledge Management. September 2018.
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"Automated Teller Machine Fraud in South-West Nigeria: Victim Typologies, Victimization Strategies and Fraud Prevention"
Oludayo Tade and Oluwatosin Adeniyi, Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems. Volume 11, Number 1, Spring 2017, pp. 86-92(7).
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"Financial Education Via Television Comedy"
Andrew Crawford, Paul Lajbcygier and Pushkar Maitra. Applied Economics Letters, 19 Jan 2018.
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"Insights on Demonetisation from Rural Tamil Nadu: Understanding Social Networks and Social Protection"
Isabelle Guérin, Youna Lanos, Sébastien Michiels, Christophe Jalil Nordman and Govindan Venkatasubramanian. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 52, Issue No. 52, 30 Dec, 2017.
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"Banking on Trust: How Debit Cards Enable the Poor to Save More"
Pierre Bachas, Paul Gertler, Sean Higgins, Enrique Seira.
National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper No. 23252. Issued March 2017.
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A Bank Heist in Paraguay's 'Wild, Wild West' Reveals the Dark Underbelly of Free Trade
Caroline Schuster
The Conversation |
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On Cash and Stuff
Bill Maurer and Lana Swartz
Socializing Finance Blog |
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Curating the New (and Old) Stuff of Money
Bill Maurer and Lana Swartz
Socializing Finance Blog |
![](https://www.imtfi.uci.edu/files/newsletters/images2017/9_fw_2017.jpg)
How to Talk about Money: Ethnographic Approaches to Financial Life
Erin B. Taylor
EPIC Perspectives Series |
![](https://www.imtfi.uci.edu/files/newsletters/images2017/10_fw_2017.jpg)
How India's Cash Chaos Is Screwing Over Their Neighbors - Oops!
Vivian Dzokoto
OZY |
![](https://www.imtfi.uci.edu/files/newsletters/images2017/11_fw_2017.jpg)
From the Wallet to the Refrigerator: Why in the Future Machines Will Pay for Everything
Andrés Krom
LA NACIÓN (The NATION, Argentina)
English translation |
![](https://www.imtfi.uci.edu/files/newsletters/images2017/12_fw_2017.jpg)
How Nigerian ATM fraud victims are swindled
Oludayo Tade
The Conversation |
![](https://www.imtfi.uci.edu/files/newsletters/images2017/13_fw_2017.jpg)
Beyond 'Send Money Home': The Complex Gender Dynamics Behind Mobile Money Usage
Susan Johnson
Next Billion Blog |
![](https://www.imtfi.uci.edu/files/newsletters/images2017/14_fw_2017.jpg)
Book interview with Bill Maurer on PAID: Tales of Dongles, Checks, and Other Money Stuff
Chuck Jaffe
Money Life |
Collaborations and Public Engagements
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featured:
"Using Blockchain to Secure the Supply Chain: Distributed Ledgers and Logistics for Critical Goods"
IMTFI and Cybersecurity Policy & Research Institute (CPRI) co-organized a conference at UCI on November 14th where an expert group of industry leaders, academic researchers, and government actors explored the innovative potential of the blockchain to transform supply chain security. Keynote speakers included Tracy Frost (Department of Defense) and Paul Chang (IBM). Click for program and video presentations.
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Dissemination Events
IMTFI's International Board members and affiliated researchers assess the financial inclusion agenda in international development, identifying key areas of concern that remain unresolved:
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![](https://www.imtfi.uci.edu/files/newsletters/images2017/16_fw_2017.jpg)
Can Financial Inclusion
Be Synonymous with Financial Justice and Equity?
Cornell University
Stephen C. Rea |
![](https://www.imtfi.uci.edu/files/newsletters/images2017/17_fw_2017.jpg)
Reflections on the "Financial Inclusion of the Poor," Workshop in Karachi (Part One): Decolonizing Financial Inclusion
Habib University - Karachi, Pakistan
Noman Baig |
![](https://www.imtfi.uci.edu/files/newsletters/images2017/17_1_fw_2017.jpg)
Reflections on the "Financial Inclusion of the Poor," Workshop in Karachi (Part Two): Decolonizing Financial Inclusion
Habib University - Karachi, Pakistan
Noman Baig |
![](https://www.imtfi.uci.edu/files/newsletters/images2017/18_fw_2017.jpg)
Drama in the Payments Infrastructure and Saturation in Financial Education: Discussing New Avenues of Research Around Financial Inclusion in Colombia
ICESI University - Cali, Colombia
Maria Elisa Balen and Edgar Benítez |
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Continuing the Conversations about "Financial Inclusions" in Latin America - onto Mexico
Ciesas Occidente - Guadalajara, Mexico
Magdalena Villareal, Maria Elisa Balen, and Soléne Morvant-Roux |
![](https://www.imtfi.uci.edu/files/newsletters/images2017/20_fw_2017.jpg)
Video on Remittances, E-Money, and Mobile Banking: The Migratory Corridor between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast
Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Benoît Ogni-Kanga, Solène Morvant-Roux, and Simon Barussaud |
The Mobile Money Revolution That Has Not Come: Report on Displaced Peasant Families in Rural Colombia
Maria Elisa Balen, Sonia Laguna and Rosa Guerrero
The Last Mile or The Informal Ecosystem for Balancing Monies
Solène Morvant-Roux, Simon Barussaud, Stéphane Reuse, Camille Compaoré and Ilboudo Dieudonné
My Smart Phone is a Love Trophy: On Boyfriend-Girlfriend Negotiations and the Tensions between Adults and Adolescent Girls in Digital Nigeria
Jude Kenechi Onyima and Chinedu Francis Egbunike
Would You Pay More for Soap When Purchasing with Mobile Money?
Jean Lee, Jonathan Morduch, Abu Shonchoy
In Fast-Moving World of Money and Payments, Anthropology Finds a Niche
Jonathan Miller
Micro Insurance Claim Payments through Pre-Paid Cards: Technology and Regulation Driven Financial Inclusion in India
Debashis Acharya and Tapas K. Parida
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Part One: In Every Economic Crisis Comes Business Opportunity Bombay 5-6 Lenders and the Micro-Entrepreneurs in Tacloban City, Philippines
Rosalita M. Dula and Marilou P. Grego
Part Two: Up Close with Informal Money Lending - Loan Negotiation Practices Between Bombay 5-6 Lenders and Micro-Entrepreneurs in Tacloban City, Philippines
Rosalita M. Dula and Marilou P. Grego
Part Three: Informal Loan Trap - Bombay 5-6 Lending's Effect on Micro-Entrepreneurs in Tacloban City, Philippines
Rosalita M. Dula and Marilou P. Grego
Valuing Migrants and their Money
Carol Chan
Strange Intersections: Humans, Technology and Insects in a Himalayan Valley
Kabir Mansingh Heimsath
Remittance Technology Models: African Innovations for Southeast Asia?
Ivan Small
Paying Behind the Great Firewall: Maurer Plays Marco Polo (Part 1)
Bill Maurer
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Financial Inclusion: Integrating the Poor into the World Economy - A Look at Migrant Laborers in a Karachi Marketplace and How They Move Money
Noman Baig
Barriers to a Single European Payments Market: Cultural-Economic Feedback Loops
Erin B. Taylor
Advancing Gender Equality with Mobile Money - Conferencing in Tanzania
Milcah Mulu-Mutuku
Yet Another Cashlite Stumbling Block: "Alarming" Fraud and Mobile Money Uptake in Ghana
Vivian Dzokoto and John Kojo Aggrey
(Dis)Trust in Mobile Money in Ghana: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Vivian Dzokoto and John Kojo Aggrey
Pastoral Adaptation to Market Opportunities and Changing Gender Roles among the Afar in Ethiopia
Uthman Hassen
Marching into Hong Kong: Maurer Plays Marco Polo (Part 2)
Bill Maurer
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